GREEN HOTELS DEVELOPMENT POLICY AS A LOW CARBON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT EFFORT IN INDONESIA

This research analyzes the implementation of the green hotel development policy as a low-carbon tourism development effort in Indonesia during the era of President Joko Widodo's administration. This paper discusses what is meant by green hotel development, low carbon tourism development, and climate change risk management. This research is qualitative descriptive research that analyzes secondary data with a cross-sectional study design. The results of this study show that the Government of Indonesia has called for four strategic steps in dealing with climate change. Ensuring that all countries contribute to tackling climate change; mobilizing the potential of the community to raise awareness in dealing with and implementing actions related to climate change; Strengthening global partnerships by prioritizing capacity building cooperation in dealing with climate change for countries in the Pacific region; besides that, there are also four other efforts that have been carried out, namely the government targeting greenhouse gas reduction, the law on environmental protection and management, and the development plan national medium term, or RPJMN; establishing the management agency for environmental funds; national economic recovery; and food estate. Examples of hotels implementing green hotels in Indonesia are Borobudur Hotel Jakarta, Greenhost Boutique Hotel Yogyakarta, etc.


A. INTRODUCTION
The increase in the world's average surface temperature in the long term, or what is commonly referred to as global warming, is closely related to the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (Guan, 2009). As concentrations of greenhouse gases continue to increase, this warming will continue and may accelerate. Based on an assessment of a number of possible emission scenarios, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has projected that world temperatures could increase between 1.1 and 6.4 °C over the 21st century (IPCC, 2007). These predictions include uncertainty in the response of the climate system to increases in greenhouse gases and the amount of future emissions. In addition, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) confirmed that the global average temperature in 2016 was the warmest in history (WRI Indonesia, 2017).
In 2016, Edgell & Swanson (2019) also said that the most important indicators of Earth's climate change continue to reflect the trend of planetary warming with several markers such as rising sea levels, increasing ocean temperatures, and greenhouse gases. As a result, sea level rise can threaten archipelagic countries and island destinations. Rising global temperatures will have a lot of impact on the tourism industry. On the other hand, some countries with cooler climates may experience an increase in tourism due to tourists coming from warmer climates. However, climate change can also cause changes in biodiversity that occur in tourist destinations in mountainous and coastal areas. In this case, the tourism industry associated with the transportation and accommodation sectors is the main source of greenhouse gas emissions.
The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) estimates internationally that tourist arrivals in 1950 were only around 25 million. However, in the following 68 years, the number of tourist arrivals has increased to 1.4 billion international arrivals per year, which is an increase of 56 times (Roser, 2017). The following is a visualization of how tourist arrivals increased shortly after the Second World War in 1950, as seen in Based on these data, it can be seen that, until 2018, most international tourists visited the European region, namely 713 million visits, followed by the Asia and Pacific region with 243 million arrivals, America with 217 million arrivals, Africa with 67 million arrivals, and finally the Middle East region with 64 million arrivals (Roser, 2017). The tourism sector contributes around 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions caused by aviation activities, which is 40%; transportation is 30%; and the consumption of goods and services, including food and accommodation, is 30% (Lenzen et al., 2018in Sea Going Green, 2020. According to the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), this 8% figure is very large and unsustainable, which makes the tourism sector a bigger polluting sector when compared to the construction sector, for example (Sea Going Green, 2020).
In Indonesia, the tourism sector is expected to become the motor of national development in the era of Joko Widodo's government. This is evidenced by growth and foreign exchange earnings, which have continued to increase since 2015 (Kominfo, 2018). Looking at foreign tourist arrivals in 2015, they reached 10.41 million, and in 2016, they reached 11.52 million. In 2017, it reached 14.04 million, an increase of 2.52 million from the previous year. Furthermore, in 2018, it reached 15.81 million tourists and increased by 3 million in 2019, namely 16.11 million tourists. With the COVID-19 incident that has hit the whole world, policymakers urge tourists not to travel. Therefore, in 2020, there will be a very drastic decrease in tourist arrivals of 4.05 million (WorldData.info, n.d.).

The Development of Green Hotels
The development of green hotels is still a major concern for the Government and the private sector in Indonesia, especially with regard to efforts to help preserve the environment and reduce the impact of global warming. The idea of implementing green hotels in Indonesia still raises pros and cons because there are still a number of burdensome requirements for business actors, most of the business actors still think that green hotels will make it difficult for guests and make them feel uncomfortable, even though it is known that many tourists need eco-friendly accommodation, but not all tourists are aware of it, especially in Indonesia (Yuniati, 2021).
The growing awareness of environmental sustainability, particularly in the hospitality sector, can be seen in Green Hotels. The Green Hotel idea is actually part of a green tourism product, which is a link in the chain of sustainable tourism development which eventually spreads to Eco-Friendly ideas such as green management, green building, green tourism, and other green trends (Yuniati, 2021). Village development using a smart tourism village model, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of its use, so that recommendations can be given to pertinent parties (Priambodo, 2022). 14 │ According to The American Association, green hotels is committed to promoting ecological awareness in the hospitality industry (Locker, 2007). In addition, green hotels are also defined as eco-friendly properties whose managers are enthusiastic about instituting programs that save water, save energy, and reduce solid waste while saving money to help protect our only earth (Green hotels, 2007).
In understanding green hotels, many researchers have argued about the attributes of green hotels (Cembruch-Nowakowski, 2019). There are twelve environmentally friendly attributes put forward (Gustin, 1996) in The International Tourism Partnership which include use of energysaving lamps in bedrooms, use of energy-saving lamps in guest bathrooms, use of low-flow toilets in rooms, use of low-flow faucets in rooms, use of low-flow showerheads in rooms, use of refillable soap dispensers instead of bar soap, use of refillable shampoo dispensers instead of individual bottles, reuse introduction program for towels, introduction of "sheet change only on request" (for stays up to three nights), placement of recycling bins in guest rooms, installation of occupancy sensors used to control lighting in the room, use of the key card to turn the room electricity on and off.
According to the ASEAN Green Hotels Standard (AGHS) in Noerwenda n.d., there are several criteria for green hotels, and the conditions for achieving these criteria are environmental policies and practices in hotel operations, use of green products, collaboration with local organizations and communities, human resources development, solid waste management, energy efficiency, water efficiency, air quality management (indoor and outdoor), noise pollution control, management and maintenance of waste water, and management of toxic and chemical substances.
In Indonesia itself, if the hotel has taken the initiative to be able to care for the environment in accordance with the AGHS principles, an award will be given in the form of the Green Hotels Awards by the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy. This award is basically divided into two categories, where at the national level it is referred to as Indonesia. The Green Hotels Award, for the ASEAN level, is referred to as the ASEAN Green Hotel Award; this award was given for the first time in 2008 and is given every two years (Noerwenda, n.d.).

Low Carbon Tourism Development
Concerns about global climate change are growing, especially as carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are linked to energy. Many countries have started looking for new development paths and low carbon development has become a widely supported path, to reduce emissions (CO2) effectively while maintaining economic growth (Yuan, 2011).
In terms of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, previous research has shown that climate policies have a significant impact on low-carbon development globally. As a result, climate change policy and its effects have become the main focus of research related to sustainable development, especially focusing on the effects of climate policy simulations, but there are still few researchers who discuss actual practices, such as the effects of climate policies on low carbon development globally, nationally or even regionally. When evaluating policy performance, this is actually a factor that must be considered (Zhang, 2019).
In order to develop sustainable tourism, similar terms have been constructed for practical movements such as ecotourism, green tourism which are used to underline the character of being environmentally friendly with the meaning of efficient use of water and energy, as well as good waste management, besides that Low Carbon Tourism/LCT is also introduced with similar implications and more practical themes (Thongdejsri, 2019).

Climate Change Risk Management
According to Paul Higgins, Director of The American Meteorological Society's Policy Program, climate change is a complex and controversial public issue, but the risk management options available to us are very easy and have well-characterized strengths and weaknesses (Higgins, 2014).
Policies related to climate change are divided into four broad categories: We can reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, an approach usually called mitigation; we can increase society's capacity to deal with climate change, which is called adaptation; and we can deliberately manipulate the earth system in a way that might counteract at least some of the effects of increased gas │ 15 concentrations. Such interventions are usually called geoengineering or climate engineering. We can also broaden our knowledge base in ways that help us better understand the climate system, our sensitivity to climate change, and three other risk management strategies that are more proactive (O. Edenhofer et al., 2014;C. B. Field et al., 2014;American Meteorological Society, 2013).
The following is a picture of Climate Change Risk Management which consists of Mitigation, Adaptation, Geoengineering and Knowledge-Based Change. Comprehensive risk management almost certainly includes a set of solutions taken from the four approaches, which can be seen in Figure 2 Figure 2 Climate Change Risk Management Source: Adapted from P. A. T. Higgins, Climate Change Risk Management, American Meteorological Society (in press) In connection with the above, tourism activities must be supported by good hotel accommodations because tourists need a place to stay temporarily while on tour (MMC Kalteng, 2018). Hotels often consume a lot of energy because of the necessary infrastructure, such as swimming pools, saunas, heating, air conditioning, and others (Achmad & Yulianah, 2022). Based on the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), hotels and similar types of accommodation produce 2% of the 5% of CO2 emissions produced by the global tourism sector. This is because the hotel sector is the biggest driver in the tourism industry in terms of absorbing labor and producing the economy, but it is also the sector with the highest energy usage (MM Sustainability, n.d.). Therefore, Yanuar (2019), Madoeretno, and Marfiana (2022) argue that in energy conservation efforts, it is necessary to implement an environmentally friendly development, or natural building, which is characterized by using systems and materials with guaranteed quality, fulfilling healthy environmental requirements, and having good air circulation. In this case, according to the ASEAN Tourism Standards (ATS), green hotels are a form of concern for the environment and practice energy saving with the aim of reducing CO2 emissions in tourism development. Therefore, this study wants to know the green hotel development policies in an effort to reduce CO2 emissions in tourism development in Indonesia.

B. RESEARCH METHOD
This research is a qualitative descriptive research that analyzes secondary data with a crosssectional study design. Cross-sectional studies are characterized by the collection of information (data) that is relevant at a certain point. Most of the descriptive cross-sectional studies, whether based on data on the entire population or on a representative sample, aim to provide estimates of prevalence across the population studied (Kesmodel, 2018).
In this research, the author will look at the implementation of the green hotels development policy as a low carbon tourism development effort in Indonesia during the era of President Joko

Government policy in dealing with climate change in Indonesia
According to the United Nations (UN) Convention on Climate Change Framework (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change/UNFCCC) provides a definition of climate change as climate change caused either directly or indirectly by humans so as to change the composition of the global atmosphere and natural climate variability over comparable time periods. The material composition of the atmosphere in question is the material composition of the earth's atmosphere in the form of greenhouse gases/GHGs, which include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen, and so on (Knowledge Center on Climate Change, n.d).
Issues related to climate change are also hot issues that are still frequently discussed in Indonesia. Climate change in Indonesia can be seen from the annual average air temperature anomaly, namely the ratio of air temperature in a certain year, relative to the average normal period  The following is an example of the impact of climate change that is happening in the world, including decreasing water quality, decreasing water quantity, changing habitats, extinction of species, decreasing quality and quantity of forests, increasing greenhouse gases due to deforestation, increasing disease outbreaks, cancer cases. skin, cataracts and decreased immune system, reduced agricultural area, decreased agricultural productivity, the sinking of some coastal areas, the sinking of small islands, and many other impacts (Knowledge Center on Climate Change, n.d).
According to the Indonesia Cerah Foundation, there are at least 10 impacts of climate change that are occurring in Indonesia, namely extreme heat waves, increased incidence of extreme forest fires, increased risk of drought, increased risk of flooding, increased impact of typhoon damage, rising sea levels and coastal flooding (rob), rice production decreases, coffee production decreases, coral reefs and marine tourism can disappear, and economic growth is hampered (Pranita, 2021).

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Seeing the impact and also the phenomenon of climate change which is so large throughout the world and in Indonesia, in 2015 together with 171 countries around the world, Indonesia is committed to stopping the increase in the earth's temperature so that it is no greater than 2 o C, in addition to the Paris Agreement, it also contains regarding the prevention of climate change with the Formation of a Nationally Determined Contribution/NDC Joint Commitment for the 2020-2030 Period (Raras, 2021).
According to (Raras, 2021), at the 2021 Climate Change Adaptation Summit (CAS Summit), the Government of Indonesia has called for four strategic steps in dealing with climate change, namely ensuring that all countries contribute to tackling climate change; Mobilize the potential of the community to raise awareness in dealing with and implementing actions related to climate change; Strengthening global partnerships by prioritizing capacity building cooperation in dealing with climate change for countries in the Pacific region; Continuing green development to make a better world.
In addition to these four steps, there are also various efforts that have been made by Indonesia in dealing with climate change, namely: a. Government Targets Greenhouse Gas Reduction → The Government of Indonesia has set a greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction target of 29 percent with its own efforts and 41 percent with international support by 2030; b. The Law on Environmental Protection and Management and the National Medium-Term Development Plan/RPJMN → The Government of Indonesia has incorporated climate change adaptation into the Protection and Management Law, as well as the RPJMN 2020-2024; c. Establishment of an Environmental Fund Management Agency → This agency was established to manage funds originating from within the country and abroad, to the private sector related to environmental management and climate change control, as well as providing environmental services to the environment; d. National Economic Recovery and Food Estate → This is a government initiative in increasing national resilience to the impacts of climate change and the Covid-19 pandemic.
In the highlight of the 2020 Climate Festival, the Government of Indonesia, through Echelon 1 officials, has signed a Joint Agreement regarding efforts to achieve targets for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and developing climate resilience by strengthening the implementation of real actions on climate change adaptation and mitigation that protect the environment and life on earth, which has also become the commitment of the Government of Indonesia and is contained in the Nationally Determined Contribution (

Contribution of the Indonesian Tourism Sector to Increasing CO2 Through the Hospitality Industry in Ionesia
During the leadership of President Joko Widodo's administration, Indonesia made tourism a part of Nawa Cita, namely Improving the Quality of Life of Indonesian People, which was later translated into priority sectors of the Working Cabinet in the Field of Infrastructure and Tourism. Since the first term of President Joko Widodo and Vice President Jusuf Kalla's administration, namely in 2014 to 2019, the Indonesian government, through the Ministry of Tourism and other related ministries, has made efforts to advance the Indonesian tourism sector. If you look at 2016, for example, not even during the administration of President Joko Widodo and Vice President Jusuf Kalla, enthusiasm for the national tourism sector has started to flare up, this can be seen from the increasing number of investors who believe in the future of Indonesian tourism. Several things had been done that supported the development of Indonesian tourism at that time, for example carrying out fast and serious deregulation of the tourism sector, besides that there was also a Visit Visa Free Policy (Bebas Bisa Kunjungan/BVK) which had been given to 169 countries, and many other supporting policies (Asdhiana, 2016).
The success of tourism development in Indonesia can be seen from one of them the increase in the number of foreign tourist visits to Indonesia from 2014 to 2019 which can be said to be quite positive, but in 2020 until now the number of international tourist visits to Indonesia has not been as busy as before the Covid-19 pandemic. The high number of tourist arrivals will also affect the occupancy rate of hotels in Indonesia. Following are statistics on the occupancy rate of star hotel rooms in 2019 in Indonesia, which can be seen in Figure 5 │ 19  The Room Occupancy Rate (ROR) of star-classified hotels in Indonesia in December 2020 reached an average of 40.79 percent, down 18.60 points compared to the ROR in December 2019 which was 59.39 percent. Meanwhile, when compared to the ROR in November 2020 which was recorded at 40.14 percent, the ROR in December 2020 experienced an increase of 0.65 points. Figure 4 and Figure 5 show the difference in the ROR of star-class hotels in Indonesia before the According to the results of research conducted by the U.S Agency for International Development/USAID in collaboration with Indonesian Clean Energy Development/ICED and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources which was conducted in 2011 concluded that "Buildings, including hotel buildings use 50% of energy in general, or 70% of electricity from total consumption in Indonesia and making this sector the largest energy user that exceeds the industrial and transportation sectors. The amount of energy consumption in this building contributes to the high operational costs of the building by 25% -30%. In addition, it also contributes to significant greenhouse gas emissions and this has an impact on global warming (Myson, 2018).
In Indonesia, there are many hotels that consume energy far in excess of the amount of energy actually required to operate the hotel. For example, hotels in the Bali region have an average energy consumption per room sold of 183 kWh, Jakarta is 131 kWh and Jogjakarta is 85 kWh. This excessive energy consumption can cause many environmental problems such as global warming due to greenhouse gas emissions resulting from burning energy, increasing carcinogens that cause cancer and many other negative impacts (ICED, 2015 in (Saputra, 2017)).
If energy consumption is excessive in the hotel industry in Indonesia, this will certainly increase the negative impacts of climate change resulting from global warming. A study conducted by (Jimmy Susanto, 2020) states that temperature and relative humidity have a significant effect on the level of foreign tourist visits to Indonesia, with a confidence level reaching 90%. Specifically, a 1% increase in temperature is associated with a 1.37% decrease in tourists and the same change in relative humidity is correlated with a 0.59% decrease in tourists. Overall, it can be understood that temperature has the most significant magnitude among all variables in all models, which underlines that temperature is one of the factors that most influences the number of international tourists in Indonesia.
Based on these data, stakeholders related to tourism development, especially in the hospitality industry in Indonesia, should make policies/rules that encourage hospitality industry practices in Indonesia to develop or implement green tourism products with green hotel derivatives as an effort to control climate change resulting from the impact of the rapid development of the tourism industry in Indonesia, especially in the last decade.

Implementation of Green Hotels Development Policy as a Low Carbon Tourism Development Effort in Indonesia
The hotel industry in Indonesia is not committed to environmentally friendly efforts, this is due to little understanding of green hotels, namely hotels that have the concept of practicing awareness of environmental quality, and if this continues to be ignored, it will have a negative impact on environmental conditions and also the course of development. sustainable (Supriadi, 2016).
At the Association South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) level, in 2016, a document regarding the ASEAN Green Hotel Standard was issued where the purpose of issuing this standard was to develop (ASEAN) Green Hotel Standards with a certification process that would enhance Environmentally-friendly and Energy Conservation in the ASEAN accommodation industry, where this standard will form a professional Green Hotel Operation; Environmental plan, Green product, Human Resource and environmental management, which will enable the environment and society to benefit from a collective approach to operational professionalism (ASEAN Secretariat, 2016).
To increase awareness of the importance of implementing green hotels for hotel industry players in Indonesia, the Government of Indonesia through the Ministry of Tourism in 2016 issued a document namely "Panduan dan Pedoman Pelaksanaan Green Hotel di Indonesia" which aims to be able to encourage the wider community to increase their understanding is not limited only in the hotel industry community regarding climate change adaptation, besides that it is expected to be able to spur them to be able to increase capacity against climate change, especially in the hotel industry sector, while also being able to contribute to efforts and facilitate future implementation plans for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector (Ministry of Tourism, 2016).
The basis for the "Hospital Industry Compliance Regulations for the Environment in Indonesia" in detail can be seen in Table 2.